The Dog Encyclopedia: The Definitive Visual Guide

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Leroy G, Phocas F, Hedan B, Verrier E, Rognon X (2015). "Inbreeding impact on litter size and survival in selected canine breeds" (PDF). Vet. J. 203 (#1): 74–78. doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.11.008. PMID 25475165. S2CID 27631883. Neutering is the sterilization of animals, usually by removing the male's testicles or the female's ovaries and uterus, to eliminate the ability to procreate and reduce sex drive. Because of dogs' overpopulation in some countries, many animal control agencies, such as the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA), advise that dogs not intended for further breeding should be neutered, so that they do not have undesired puppies that may later be euthanized. [42] Osborne, Douglas (1966). The archaeology of the Palau Islands. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin. Vol.230. p.29. ISBN 978-0-910240-58-1. HSUS Pet Overpopulation Estimates". The Humane Society of the United States. Archived from the original on 25 April 2013 . Retrieved 22 October 2008. The scientific evidence is mixed as to whether a dog's companionship can enhance human physical health and psychological well-being. [158] Studies suggesting that there are benefits to physical health and psychological well-being [159] have been criticized for being poorly controlled. [160] It found that "the health of elderly people is related to their health habits and social supports but not to their ownership of, or attachment to, a companion animal." Earlier studies have shown that people who keep pet dogs or cats exhibit better mental and physical health than those who do not, making fewer visits to the doctor and being less likely to be on medication than non-guardians. [161]

People have been breeding dogs since prehistoric times. The earliest dog breeders used wolves to create domestic dogs. From the beginning, humans purposefully bred dogs to perform various tasks. Hunting, guarding, and herding are thought to be among the earliest jobs eagerly performed by the animal destined to be called “man’s best friend.” a b Young, Julie K.; Olson, Kirk A.; Reading, Richard P.; Amgalanbaatar, Sukh; Berger, Joel (1 February 2011). "Is Wildlife Going to the Dogs? Impacts of Feral and Free-roaming Dogs on Wildlife Populations". BioScience. 61 (#2): 125–132. doi: 10.1525/bio.2011.61.2.7. ISSN 0006-3568. S2CID 6673698. Smith, Bradley, ed. (2015). The Dingo Debate: Origins, Behaviour and Conservation. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, Australia. ISBN 978-1-4863-0030-3. Good Dogs Live Longer— ScienceNOW". Archived from the original on 29 November 2011 . Retrieved 18 May 2011. Chiodo, Paula; Basualdo, Juan; Ciarmela, Laura; Pezzani, Betina; Apezteguía, María; Minvielle, Marta (2006). "Related factors to human toxocariasis in a rural community of Argentina". Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 101 (#4): 397–400. doi: 10.1590/S0074-02762006000400009. PMID 16951810.

Welcome to Dog Encyclopedia

a b c Derr, Mark (1997). Dog's Best Friend. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-14280-7. Christian, Hayley E.; Westgarth, Carri; Bauman, Adrian; Richards, Elizabeth A.; Rhodes, Ryan E.; Evenson, Kelly R.; Mayer, Joni A.; Thorpe, Roland J. (2013). "Dog Ownership and Physical Activity: A Review of the Evidence". Journal of Physical Activity and Health. 10 (5): 750–759. doi: 10.1123/jpah.10.5.750. ISSN 1543-3080. PMID 23006510. S2CID 14863668.

The dog ( Canis familiaris [4] [5] or Canis lupus familiaris [5]) is a domesticated descendant of the wolf. Also called the domestic dog, it is derived from extinct Pleistocene wolves, [6] [7] and the modern wolf is the dog's nearest living relative. [8] The dog was the first species to be domesticated [9] [8] by humans. Hunter-gatherers did this, over 15,000 years ago in Germany, [7] which was before the development of agriculture. [1] Due to their long association with humans, dogs have expanded to a large number of domestic individuals [10] and gained the ability to thrive on a starch-rich diet that would be inadequate for other canids. [11] Hughes, Joelene; MacDonald, David W. (2013). "A review of the interactions between free-roaming domestic dogs and wildlife". Biological Conservation. 157: 341–351. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2012.07.005. Dogs are often called "man's best friend" because they fit in with human life. Man refers to humankind and not just guys ( Old English). Dogs can serve people in many ways. For example, there are guard dogs, hunting dogs, herding dogs, guide dogs for blind people, and police dogs. There are also dogs that are trained to smell for diseases in the human body or to find bombs or illegal drugs. These dogs sometimes help police in airports or other areas. Sniffer dogs (usually beagles) are sometimes trained for this job. Dogs have even been sent by Russians into outer space, a few years before any human being. The first dog sent up was named Laika, but she died within a few hours. Injury Prevention Bulletin" (PDF). Northwest Territories Health and Social Services. 25 March 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 March 2011 . Retrieved 7 January 2010. Dogs are also vulnerable to some of the same health conditions as humans, including diabetes, dental and heart disease, epilepsy, cancer, hypothyroidism, and arthritis.Andics, Attila; Gácsi, Márta; Faragó, Tamás; Kis, Anna; Miklósi, Ádám (2014). "Voice-Sensitive Regions in the Dog and Human Brain Are Revealed by Comparative fMRI". Current Biology. 24 (5): 574–578. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.01.058. PMID 24560578. a b c Lescureux, Nicolas; Linnell, John D.C. (2014). "Warring brothers: The complex interactions between wolves ( Canis lupus) and dogs ( Canis familiaris) in a conservation context". Biological Conservation. 171: 232–245. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2014.01.032. In 1999, a study of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) indicated that the domestic dog may have originated from the grey wolf, with the dingo and New Guinea singing dog breeds having developed at a time when human communities were more isolated from each other. [17] In the third edition of Mammal Species of the World published in 2005, the mammalogist W. Christopher Wozencraft listed under the wolf Canis lupus its wild subspecies and proposed two additional subspecies, which formed the domestic dog clade: familiaris, as named by Linnaeus in 1758 and, dingo named by Meyer in 1793. Wozencraft included hallstromi (the New Guinea singing dog) as another name ( junior synonym) for the dingo. Wozencraft referred to the mtDNA study as one of the guides informing his decision. [3] Mammalogists have noted the inclusion of familiaris and dingo together under the "domestic dog" clade [18] with some debating it. [19] As a domesticated or semi-domesticated animal, the dog is nearly universal among human societies. Notable exceptions once included: Dog breeds [ change | change source ] Dogs are bred into very different breeds: here a Great Dane and a small Chihuahua. See also List of dog breeds.

a b c d e Cagan, Alex; Blass, Torsten (2016). "Identification of genomic variants putatively targeted by selection during dog domestication". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 16: 10. doi: 10.1186/s12862-015-0579-7. PMC 4710014. PMID 26754411. Irving-Pease, Evan K.; Ryan, Hannah; Jamieson, Alexandra; Dimopoulos, Evangelos A.; Larson, Greger; Frantz, Laurent A.F. 2018. Paleogenomics of Animal Domestication. In Lindqvist, C.; Rajora, O. (eds) Paleogenomics. Population Genomics. Springer, Cham. pp. 225–272. doi:10.1007/13836_2018_55. ISBN 978-3-030-04752-8 Audrestch, Hilary M.; Whelan, Chantelle T.; Grice, David; Asher, Lucy; England, Gary C.W.; Freeman, Sarah L. (2015). "Recognizing the value of assistance dogs in society" (PDF). Disability and Health Journal. 8 (#4): 469–474. doi: 10.1016/j.dhjo.2015.07.001. PMID 26364936. S2CID 23502241. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 January 2019 . Retrieved 31 December 2018. a b Irving-Pease, Evan K.; Ryan, Hannah; Jamieson, Alexandra; Dimopoulos, Evangelos A.; Larson, Greger; Frantz, Laurent A. F. (2018). "Paleogenomics of Animal Domestication". In Lindqvist, C.; Rajora, O. (eds.). Paleogenomics. Population Genomics. Springer, Cham. pp.225–272. doi: 10.1007/13836_2018_55. ISBN 978-3-030-04752-8. Anna Bueno (6 January 2017). "The legal and cultural implications of killing a dog for film". CNN Philippines.Dogs bear their litters roughly 58 to 68 days after fertilization, [12] [40] with an average of 63 days, although the length of gestation can vary. An average litter consists of about six puppies. [41] Neutering Charlesworth D, Willis JH (2009). "The genetics of inbreeding depression". Nat. Rev. Genet. 10 (#11): 783–796. doi: 10.1038/nrg2664. PMID 19834483. S2CID 771357.

Dogs can smell and hear better than humans but cannot see well in color because they are color blind. Due to the anatomy of the eye, dogs can see better in dim light than humans. They also have a wider field of vision. van der Beek S, Nielen AL, Schukken YH, Brascamp EW (1999). "Evaluation of genetic, common-litter, and within-litter effects on preweaning mortality in a birth cohort of puppies". Am. J. Vet. Res. 60 (#9): 1106–1110. PMID 10490080. Kaminski, Juliane; Hynds, Jennifer; Morris, Paul; Waller, Bridget M. (2017). "Human attention affects facial expressions in domestic dogs". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 12914. Bibcode: 2017NatSR...712914K. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-12781-x. PMC 5648750. PMID 29051517.Nagasawa, Miho; Murai, Kensuke; Mogi, Kazutaka; Kikusui, Takefumi (2011). "Dogs can discriminate human smiling faces from blank expressions". Animal Cognition. 14 (4): 525–533. doi: 10.1007/s10071-011-0386-5. PMID 21359654. S2CID 12354384. Wayne, R.; Ostrander, Elaine A. (1999). "Origin, genetic diversity, and genome structure of the domestic dog". BioEssays. 21 (#3): 247–257. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1521-1878(199903)21:3<247::AID-BIES9>3.0.CO;2-Z. PMID 10333734. S2CID 5547543. Further information: List of fictional dogs Cerberus, with the gluttons in Dante's Third Circle of Hell. William Blake.